Acute Kidney Injury: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management Charles L. Edelstein Acute kidney injury (AKI) (defined as an increase in serum creatinine >0.5 mg/dL) occurs in 1% of hospital admissions (1),…
Specific Infections Syed A. Hoda A wide variety of microbial infections caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses can afflict the breast. Most forms of infectious mastitis are a manifestation…
Disorders of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System John M. Carson Matthew K. Abramowitz Manish P. Ponda Thomas H. Hostetter The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) has been conserved through evolution and is present in…
Disorders of Calcium, Phosphorus, Vitamin D, and Parathyroid Hormone Activity Mordecai M. Popovtzer Serum Calcium Concentration The calcium ion is essential to any physiologic phenomena, including preservation of the integrity…
Normal and Abnormal Magnesium Metabolism Laurence Chan Magnesium is the fourth most common cation in the human body, and it plays a critical role in many metabolic processes, including production…
Inflammatory and Reactive Lesions Syed A. Hoda FAT NECROSIS Mammary fat necrosis may occasionally result from incidental trauma; however, presently, the most common causes are previous needling procedures (such as…
Disorders of Potassium Metabolism Biff F. Palmer Thomas D. DuBose Jr. Introduction Potassium plays a key role in maintaining cell function. All cells possess the ubiquitous Na+/K+ ATPase exchanger, which…
Embryology, Development, Histology, and Physiologic Morphology Syed A. Hoda EMBRYOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT The mammary glands develop from mammary ridges (so-called milk lines). The latter are thickenings of the epidermis that…
Rheumatoid Arthritis Lauren K. McCluggage Carol Gullo Mest Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease characterized by symmetric polyarthritis and joint changes, including erythema, effusion, and tenderness. The…
