Fever of unknown origin

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29 Fever of unknown origin Introduction Fever is an abnormal increase in body temperature and may be continuous or intermittent The homeostatic mechanisms of the body maintain a constant body…

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Spread and replication

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15 Spread and replication Introduction An infection may be a surface infection or a systemic infection Many successful microorganisms multiply in epithelial cells at the site of entry on the…

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Infections of the eye

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25 Infections of the eye Introduction Because the outer surface of the eye is exposed to the external world, it is easily accessible to infective organisms. The conjunctiva is particularly…

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Background to the infectious diseases

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12 Background to the infectious diseases Introduction Vertebrates have been continuously exposed to microbial infections throughout their hundreds of millions of years of evolution. Disease or death was the penalty…

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The viruses

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3 The viruses Introduction Viruses differ from all other infectious organisms in their structure and biology, particularly in their reproduction. Although viruses carry conventional genetic information in their DNA or…

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Urinary tract infections

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20 Urinary tract infections Introduction Urinary tract infections are common, especially among women The urinary tract is one of the most common sites of bacterial infection, particularly in females; 20–30%…

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The host–parasite relationship

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8 The host–parasite relationship Introduction The preceding chapters have focused primarily on organisms that are quite clearly disease agents. Small numbers may be found in healthy individuals, but their presence…

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The helminths and arthropods

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6 The helminths and arthropods Introduction The term ‘helminth’ is used for all groups of parasitic worms. Three main groups are important in humans: the tapeworms (Cestoda), the flukes (Trematoda…

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The fungi

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4 The fungi Introduction Fungi are eukaryotes, but are quite distinct from plants and animals. Characteristically, they are multinucleate or multicellular organisms with a thick carbohydrate cell wall containing chitin,…

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Microbes as parasites

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1 Microbes as parasites The varieties of microbes Prokaryotes and eukaryotes A number of important and distinctive biologic characteristics must be taken into account when considering any organism in relation…

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