Examination of the shoulder
Rationale: Assesses the patient for acute tears or tendinopathy and aids shoulder stability. Technique: This rotator cuff muscle is assessed with the ‘empty can test’. This involves abducting the shoulder…
Rationale: Assesses the patient for acute tears or tendinopathy and aids shoulder stability. Technique: This rotator cuff muscle is assessed with the ‘empty can test’. This involves abducting the shoulder…
Midline laparotomy Position: vertical incision through the linea alba. Use: most widely used incision for exploring the abdominal cavity. Xiphisternum to pubis incisions are used for major operations, giving access…
Normal shoulder: AP view, with key anatomy and review lines highlighted. A, acromion; Cl, clavicle; Co, coracoid process; G, glenoid; GT, greater tuberosity; HH, humeral head; LT, lesser tuberosity. Normal…
Radiograph of the wrist showing fracture of the distal radius with dorsal angulation (Colles’ fracture). The reverse would constitute a Smith’s fracture. Radiograph of the right hand showing a widening…
DP and oblique x-rays of a normal foot, with normal alignment lines and review areas. Line A shows the medial margin of the second MT lining up with the medial…
A longitudinal carotid endarterectomy scar is placed on the anterior aspect of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The middle of the incision is situated at the level of the carotid bifurcation, which…
Mandible radiograph showing an oblique fracture of the left mandible at the angle (arrow). Examination notes What are the three McGrigor’s lines? Line 1 Upper lines: zygomaticofrontal sutures (laterally), upper…
Principles of diagnosis How is a diagnosis reached? Three steps: 1. History taking 2. Physical examination 3. Investigations Differential diagnoses How can a differential diagnosis be made? A logical differential…
Down’s syndromeAchondroplasiaTurner’s syndromeSee aboveSensorineural hearing loss (SNHL),SNHL, low hairline, webbed neckTall statureMarfan’s syndromeMixed hearing loss, arachnodactylyChanges in skin – loss of pigmentation – café-au-lait spots – depigmented patchesAlbinismNeurofibromatosis type 2VitiligoSNHLBilateral…