Examination of the shoulder

Feb 18, 2017 by in GENERAL SURGERY Comments Off on Examination of the shoulder

Rationale: Assesses the patient for acute tears or tendinopathy and aids shoulder stability. Technique: This rotator cuff muscle is assessed with the ‘empty can test’. This involves abducting the shoulder…

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Examination of abdominal scars

Feb 18, 2017 by in GENERAL SURGERY Comments Off on Examination of abdominal scars

Midline laparotomy Position: vertical incision through the linea alba. Use: most widely used incision for exploring the abdominal cavity. Xiphisternum to pubis incisions are used for major operations, giving access…

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Shoulder x-ray

Feb 18, 2017 by in GENERAL SURGERY Comments Off on Shoulder x-ray

Normal shoulder: AP view, with key anatomy and review lines highlighted. A, acromion; Cl, clavicle; Co, coracoid process; G, glenoid; GT, greater tuberosity; HH, humeral head; LT, lesser tuberosity. Normal…

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Aorta CT

Feb 18, 2017 by in GENERAL SURGERY Comments Off on Aorta CT

CT abdomen demonstrating abdominal aortic aneurysm. CT abdomen demonstrating abdominal aortic dissection. Lateral abdominal radiograph demonstrating an endovascular aortic prosthesis used to repair an abdominal aortic aneurysm using EVAR. Tips…

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Wrist and distal forearm x-ray

Feb 18, 2017 by in GENERAL SURGERY Comments Off on Wrist and distal forearm x-ray

Radiograph of the wrist showing fracture of the distal radius with dorsal angulation (Colles’ fracture). The reverse would constitute a Smith’s fracture. Radiograph of the right hand showing a widening…

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Foot and ankle x-ray

Feb 18, 2017 by in GENERAL SURGERY Comments Off on Foot and ankle x-ray

DP and oblique x-rays of a normal foot, with normal alignment lines and review areas. Line A shows the medial margin of the second MT lining up with the medial…

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Examination of the carotid artery

Feb 18, 2017 by in GENERAL SURGERY Comments Off on Examination of the carotid artery

A longitudinal carotid endarterectomy scar is placed on the anterior aspect of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The middle of the incision is situated at the level of the carotid bifurcation, which…

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Facial x-ray

Feb 18, 2017 by in GENERAL SURGERY Comments Off on Facial x-ray

Mandible radiograph showing an oblique fracture of the left mandible at the angle (arrow). Examination notes What are the three McGrigor’s lines? Line 1 Upper lines: zygomaticofrontal sutures (laterally), upper…

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Principles of surgical practice

Feb 18, 2017 by in GENERAL SURGERY Comments Off on Principles of surgical practice

Principles of diagnosis How is a diagnosis reached? Three steps: 1. History taking 2. Physical examination 3. Investigations Differential diagnoses How can a differential diagnosis be made? A logical differential…

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Examination of the ear

Feb 18, 2017 by in GENERAL SURGERY Comments Off on Examination of the ear

Down’s syndromeAchondroplasiaTurner’s syndromeSee aboveSensorineural hearing loss (SNHL),SNHL, low hairline, webbed neckTall statureMarfan’s syndromeMixed hearing loss, arachnodactylyChanges in skin – loss of pigmentation – café-au-lait spots – depigmented patchesAlbinismNeurofibromatosis type 2VitiligoSNHLBilateral…

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