Local Anesthetics
B. The nature of the connecting hydrocarbon chain is the basis for classifying drugs that produce conduction blockade of nerve impulses as ester local anesthetics or amide local anesthetics (Fig. 10-2)….
Acid–Base Disorders
B. With just blood gas and common serum biochemistry data, we can manage the majority of clinical acid–base disorders. C. The central focus of treating acid–base disturbances is the understanding of the…
Renal Physiology
1. The Glomerulus a. Glomeruli are found in the renal cortex and consist of a tuft of capillaries surrounded by Bowman’s capsule, the dilated blind end of the renal tubule. Glomerular capillaries…
Sympathomimetic Drugs
A. Epinephrine is a circulating hormone synthesized, stored, and released from the adrenal medulla. Its natural functions upon release into the circulation include regulation of myocardial contractility, heart rate, vascular and…
Metabolism
II. Carbohydrate Metabolism. Carbohydrates comprise a group of organic compounds that include sugars and starches and, in addition to carbon, contain hydrogen and oxygen in the same ratio as water (2:1)….
Gastrointestinal Motility Drugs
IV. Histamine Receptor Antagonists. Histamine induces contraction of smooth muscles in the airways, increases the secretion of acid in the stomach, and stimulates release of neurotransmitters in the central nervous system…
Maternal and Fetal Physiology and Pharmacology
b. The physiologic anemia of pregnancy does not cause a reduction in oxygen delivery because of a coincident increase in cardiac output. c. The additional intravascular fluid volume (1,000 to 1,500 mL…
Opioid Agonists and Antagonists
II. Chemical Structure of Opium Alkaloids. The active components of opium can be divided into two distinct chemical classes: phenanthrenes and benzylisoquinolines. The principal phenanthrene alkaloids present in opium are morphine,…
Drugs that Alter Glucose Regulation
A. Diabetes mellitus is classified by the underlying disease etiology (type 1 vs. type 2) rather than by age-of-onset (juvenile-onset vs. adult-onset diabetes) or treatment modality (insulin-dependent vs. non–insulin-dependent diabetes). 1. The…
Blood Products and Blood Components
II. Transfusion Therapy for Bleeding. Critical bleeding in the perioperative setting requires volume replacement (crystalloid, colloid, red blood cells [RBCs]) (none provide coagulation factors or platelets and thus their use can…
