Basicmedical Key

b.  The larynx serves as the organ of phonation, plays an important role in coughing, and in airway protection from aspiration. c.  The paired vocal cords attach posteriorly to the vocal process…

C.  An antagonist is a drug that binds to the receptor without activating the receptor (Fig. 2-2).   1.  Antagonists block the action of agonists simply by getting in the way of the…

A.  Anterior Pituitary (see Table 37-2)   1.  Growth hormone (somatotropin; GH) stimulates growth of all tissues in the body (linear bone growth) and evokes intense metabolic effects (protein synthesis, mobilization of fatty…

C.  Classification (Tables 19-1 and 19-2) D.  Pharmacokinetics (see Table 19-1)   1.  The principal difference in pharmacokinetics between all the β-adrenergic receptor antagonists is the elimination half-time ranging from brief for esmolol (about…

A.  Anatomy   1.  The liver is divided into four lobes consisting of 50,000 to 100,000 individual hepatic lobules (Fig. 32-1).   2.  Each hepatocyte is also located adjacent to bile canaliculi, which coalesce to…

A.  Heart   1.  The heart increases in size during aging as a result of concentric ventricular hypertrophy that occurs in response to the increase in left ventricular afterload.   2.  The heart rate response…

A.  Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most broadly prescribed class of antidepressants and are the drugs of choice for the treatment of mild to moderate depression. Compared with tricyclic…

  2.  Patients not expected to resume adequate oral feedings within 7 to 10 days of surgery should begin nutritional support within 2 to 4 days postoperatively, within 1 to 2 days…

II.  Antimicrobial Prophylaxis for Surgical Procedures A.  The use of antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery involves a risk-to-benefit evaluation, which varies depending on the nature of the operative procedure (Table 41-2). It is…

A.  Pharmacokinetics   1.  Heparin is a highly charged acidic molecule administered by intravenous (IV) or subcutaneous injection.   2.  The precise pathway of heparin elimination is uncertain, and the influence of renal and hepatic…