The skin, nails, and lumps

Chapter 15 The skin, nails, and lumps





The dermatological history


With any rash or skin condition, it is important to determine when and where it began, its distribution, whether it has changed over time, its relationship to sun exposure or heat or cold, and any response to treatment1 (see Questions box 15.1). Ask if pruritus is associated; localised pruritus is usually due to dermatological disease. Determine if pain or disturbed sensation has occurred; for example, inflammation and oedema can produce pain in the skin, while disease involving neurovascular bundles or nerves can produce anaesthesia (e.g. leprosy, syphilis). Constitutional symptoms such as fever, headache, fatigue, anorexia and weight loss also need to be documented.



It is important to obtain a past history of rashes or allergic reactions. A past history of asthma, eczema or hay fever suggests atopy. Similarly, evidence of systemic disease in the past may be important in a patient with a rash (e.g. diabetes mellitus, connective tissue disease, inflammatory bowel disease).


A detailed social history needs to be obtained regarding occupation and hobbies, as chemical exposure and contact with animals or plants can all induce dermatitis. All medications that have been taken must be documented. Orally ingested or parenteral medications can cause a whole host of cutaneous lesions and can mimic many skin diseases (Table 15.1). Similarly, a family history of atopic dermatitis, hay fever or skin infestation can be helpful.


TABLE 15.1 Types of cutaneous drug reactions





































1 Acne, e.g. steroids
2 Hair loss (alopecia), e.g. cancer chemotherapy
3 Pigment alterations: hypomelanosis (e.g. hydroxyquinone, chloroquine, topical steroids), hypermelanosis (page 449)
4 Exfoliative dermatitis or erythroderma (page 448)
5 Urticaria (hives), e.g. non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, radiographic dyes, penicillin
6 Maculopapular (morbilliform) eruptions, e.g. ampicillin, allopurinol
7 Photosensitive eruptions, e.g. sulfonamides, sulfonylureas, chlorothiazides, phenothiazines, tetracycline, nalidixic acid, anticonvulsants
8 Drug-induced lupus erythematosus, e.g. procainamide, hydralazine
9 Vasculitis, e.g. propylthiouracil, allopurinol, thiazides, penicillin, phenytoin
10 Skin necrosis, e.g. warfarin
11 Drug-precipitated porphyria, e.g. alcohol, barbiturates, sulfonamides, contraceptive pill
12 Lichenoid eruptions, e.g. gold, antimalarials, beta-blockers
13 Fixed drug eruption, e.g. sulfonamides, tetracycline, phenylbutazone
14 Bullous eruptions, e.g. frusemide, nalidixic acid, penicillamine, clonidine
15 Erythema nodosum or erythema multiforme (page 448)
16 Toxic epidermal necrolysis, e.g. allopurinol, phenytoin, sulfonamides, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
17 Pruritus (page 445)



General principles of physical examination of the skin


The aim of this chapter is to provide an approach to the diagnosis of skin diseases.2,3 Particular emphasis will be placed on cutaneous signs as indications of systemic disease. Other chapters have included the usual clues that can be used to arrive at a particular diagnosis. This chapter tries to unify the concept of ‘inspection’ as a valuable starting point in the examination of the patient.


Ask the patient to undress. The whole surface of the skin and its appendages should be carefully inspected (Table 15.2).


TABLE 15.2 Considerations when examining the skin















1 Hair
2 Nails
3 Sebaceous glands—oil-producing and present on the head, neck and back
4 Eccrine glands—sweat-producing and present all over the body
5 Apocrine glands—sweat-producing and present in the axillae and groin
6 Mucosa

When one is examining actual skin lesions, a number of features should be documented. First, each lesion should be described precisely, including colour and shape. Use the appropriate dermatological terminology (Table 15.3), even though this may seem to make dermatological diseases more, rather than less, mysterious. As many dermatological diagnoses are purely descriptive, a good description will often be of considerable help in making the diagnosis. Second, the distribution of the lesions should be noted, as certain distributions suggest specific diagnoses. Third, the pattern of the lesions—such as linear, annular (ring-shaped), reticulated (net-like), serpiginous (snake-like) or grouped—also helps establish the diagnosis. Then palpate the lesions, noting consistency, tenderness, temperature, depth and mobility. Types of skin lesions are shown in Figure 15.4 and a clinical algorithm for diagnosis is presented in Figure 15.5.






How to approach the clinical diagnosis of a lump


First, determine the lump’s site, size, shape, consistency and tenderness. Next, evaluate in what tissue layer the lump is situated. If it is in the skin (e.g. sebaceous cyst, epidermoid cyst, papilloma), it should move when the skin is moved, but if it is in the subcutaneous tissue (e.g. neurofibroma, lipoma), the skin can be moved over the lump. If it is in the muscle or tendon (e.g. tumour), then contraction of the muscle or tendon will limit the lump’s mobility. If it is in a nerve, pressing on the lump may result in pins and needles being felt in the distribution of the nerve, and the lump cannot be moved in the longitudinal axis but can be moved in the transverse axis. If it is in bone, the lump will be immobile.


Determine if the lump is fluctuant (i.e. contains fluid). Place one forefinger (the ‘watch’ finger) halfway between the centre and periphery of the lump. The forefinger from the other hand (the ‘displacing’ finger) is placed diagonally opposite the ‘watch’ finger at an equal distance from the centre of the lump. Press with the displacing finger and keep the watching finger still. If the lump contains fluid, the watching finger will be displaced in both axes of the lump (i.e. fluctuation is present).


Place a small torch behind the lump to determine whether it can be transilluminated.


Note any associated signs of inflammation (i.e. heat, redness, tenderness and swellinga).


Look for similar lumps elsewhere, such as multiple subcutaneous swellings from neurofibromas or lipomas. Neurofibromas are smaller than lipomas. They look hard but are remarkably soft; they occur in neurofibromatosis Type 1 (von Recklinghausen’sb disease). They continue to increase in number throughout life and are associated with café-au-lait spots and sometimes spinal neurofibromas.


If an inflammatory or neoplastic lump is suspected, remember always to examine the regional lymphatic field and the other lymph node groups.



Correlation of physical signs and skin disease


There are many different skin diseases with varied physical signs. With each major sign the groups of common important diseases that should be considered will be listed.




Erythrosquamous eruptions


Erythrosquamous eruptions are made up of lesions that are red and scaly. They may be well demarcated or have diffuse borders. They may be itchy or asymptomatic.


When one is attempting to establish a diagnosis of an erythrosquamous eruption, the history is very important. First ask about the time course of the eruption, about a family history of similar skin diseases and whether or not there is a family history of atopy.


The presence or absence of itching and the distribution of the lesions (often on the extensor surfaces of the limbs) also give clues about the diagnosis.


Asymptomatic lesions on the palms and soles are suggestive of secondary syphilis, whereas itchy lesions in the same location would be more suggestive of lichen planus (Figures 15.7 and 15.8). Lichen planus is occasionally associated with primary biliary cirrhosis and other liver diseases, chronic graft-versus-host disease and drugs (e.g. gold, penicillamine). Scattered lesions of recent origin on the trunk would be more suggestive of pityriasis rosea (Figure 15.9), whereas more widespread, diffuse and intensely itchy lesions would be more suggestive of nummular eczema (Figure 15.10) (Table 15.6).


Stay updated, free articles. Join our Telegram channel

Oct 26, 2017 | Posted by in GENERAL SURGERY | Comments Off on The skin, nails, and lumps

Full access? Get Clinical Tree

Get Clinical Tree app for offline access