Abies excelsa (Lam.) Poir.; A. picea Mill.; P. excelsa (Lam.) Link; Pinus abies L., P. excelsa Lam.; and others Pinaceae European spruce Piceae turiones recentes (fresh spruce tips); Piceae aetheroleum (pine needle oil) Fresh shoots; essential oil; resin The main constituents of the essential oil and resin are the monoterpenes pinene, limonene, linalool, 1,8-cineole, terpinyl acetate, camphor, bornyl acetate, and the diterpenes levopimaradiene, abietadiene, neoabietadiene and isopimara-7,15-diene, and to a lesser extent the sesquiterpenes farnesene, bisabolene, longifolene and nerolidol (Martin et al. 2003; Martin et al. 2004). A pilot clinical trial on the use of resin salve from Picea abies
Norway Spruce
Picea abies (L.) H.Karst.
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