Author
Year published
Approach
n
Mean OR time (min)
Conversions (%)
Average tm size (cm)
Complications (%)
Hospital stay (days)
Winter et al. [14]
2006
LT
30
185
0
2.4
7
2 (median)
Brunaud et al. [11]
2008
LT
100
99
5
2.9 ± 1.9
10
6.4 ± 3 (mean)
Giulianotti et al. [8]
2010
AT
42
118 ± 46
0
5.5
4.8
4 (median)
Raman et al. [23]
2011
LT–AT
40
117 ± 50
4
6.97
10
3.2 ± 1.2 (mean)
Nordenstrom et al. [22]
2011
LT
100
113
7
5.3
13
–
Agcaoglu et al. [24]
2012
PR
31
163.2
0
3.1
0
1 (median)
Karabulut et al. [25]
2012
LT–PR
50
166 ± 7
1
3.9 ± 0.3
1
1.1 ± 0.3 (mean)
Both posterior retroperitoneal (PR) and lateral transabdominal (LT) adrenalectomies have been described robotically and demonstrated to be feasible and safe [4, 7]. The indications for robotic adrenalectomy are the same as the laparoscopic procedure and comprise hormonally active adrenal tumors, including pheochromocytoma, aldosteronoma, and Cushing’s, as well large (>4–6 cm) or enlarging tumors suspicious for malignancy [4, 8].
Robotic Lateral Transabdominal Adrenalectomy
Positioning
After intubation and administration of general anesthesia the patient is placed in a lateral right or left decubitus position according to the side of the mass (Fig. 25.1).
![A272440_1_En_25_Fig1_HTML.gif](https://i0.wp.com/basicmedicalkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/A272440_1_En_25_Fig1_HTML.gif?w=960)
![A272440_1_En_25_Fig1_HTML.gif](https://i0.wp.com/basicmedicalkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/A272440_1_En_25_Fig1_HTML.gif?w=960)
Fig. 25.1
Intraoperative photo showing the position of the patient in robotic left LT adrenalectomy
Trocar Placement
The first optical 12 mm trocar is introduced midway between the umbilicus and the costal margin. After CO2 insufflation, two 8 mm and one 15 mm robotic trocars are placed beneath the costal margin. The trocar placement should be configured to give enough space for the first assistant to use the suction-irrigator and the clip applier when necessary (Fig. 25.2). This is usually the most medial port for right-sided and the most lateral port for left-sided masses. In special circumstances such as obese individuals, or patients with short stature, the position of the first assistant port might need to be changed depending on the anatomy.
![A272440_1_En_25_Fig2_HTML.jpg](https://i0.wp.com/basicmedicalkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/A272440_1_En_25_Fig2_HTML.jpg?w=960)
![A272440_1_En_25_Fig2_HTML.jpg](https://i0.wp.com/basicmedicalkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/A272440_1_En_25_Fig2_HTML.jpg?w=960)
Fig. 25.2
Intraoperative photo showing the position of the robotic trocars and first assistant port for a left LT adrenalectomy
Robot Positioning and Docking
The robot is docked coming to position from the ipsilateral shoulder of the patient and robotic trocars are connected (Fig. 25.3). The table might need to be rotated clockwise according to the patient’s anatomy. Close cooperation with an experienced anesthesia team is very important for a fast docking.
![A272440_1_En_25_Fig3_HTML.jpg](https://i0.wp.com/basicmedicalkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/A272440_1_En_25_Fig3_HTML.jpg?w=960)
![A272440_1_En_25_Fig3_HTML.jpg](https://i0.wp.com/basicmedicalkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/A272440_1_En_25_Fig3_HTML.jpg?w=960)
Fig. 25.3
Intraoperative image depicting the position of the robotic system in a robotic right LT adrenalectomy
Steps of the Operation
For right adrenal tumors, first, the liver is mobilized by dividing the right triangular ligament. For left-sided tumors, the splenocolic and splenorenal ligaments are divided using electrocautery (Fig. 25.4a, b). Then, laparoscopic ultrasound is performed to identify the lesion and establish its relationship with adjacent organs. These steps are done laparoscopically. Then the robot is docked. The dissection is performed along the lateral and superior borders of the mass initially, followed the inferior and medial dissection (Fig. 25.5). The adrenal vein is divided either using the harmonic scalpel or between clips based on its size (Fig. 25.6). After the dissection is completed, the robot is undocked. The tumor is removed using a specimen retrieval bag and morcellated if >3 cm (Fig. 25.7). The operative site is irrigated and suctioned laparoscopically. Then, the trocars are removed. Fascial holes for the 12 mm trocar sites are closed, followed by skin closure.
![A272440_1_En_25_Fig4_HTML.jpg](https://i0.wp.com/basicmedicalkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/A272440_1_En_25_Fig4_HTML.jpg?w=960)
![A272440_1_En_25_Fig5_HTML.jpg](https://i0.wp.com/basicmedicalkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/A272440_1_En_25_Fig5_HTML.jpg?w=960)
![A272440_1_En_25_Fig6_HTML.jpg](https://i0.wp.com/basicmedicalkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/A272440_1_En_25_Fig6_HTML.jpg?w=960)
![A272440_1_En_25_Fig7_HTML.jpg](https://i0.wp.com/basicmedicalkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/A272440_1_En_25_Fig7_HTML.jpg?w=960)
![A272440_1_En_25_Fig4_HTML.jpg](https://i0.wp.com/basicmedicalkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/A272440_1_En_25_Fig4_HTML.jpg?w=960)
Fig. 25.4
Intraoperative figure showing the division of the right triangular ligament on the right (a) and splenocolic ligament on the left (b) for robotic LT adrenalectomy
![A272440_1_En_25_Fig5_HTML.jpg](https://i0.wp.com/basicmedicalkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/A272440_1_En_25_Fig5_HTML.jpg?w=960)
Fig. 25.5
Intraoperative picture showing the robotic dissection of a right-sided pheochromocytoma via LT approach
![A272440_1_En_25_Fig6_HTML.jpg](https://i0.wp.com/basicmedicalkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/A272440_1_En_25_Fig6_HTML.jpg?w=960)
Fig. 25.6
Intraoperative photo showing the division of the adrenal vein in a robotic left LT adrenalectomy
![A272440_1_En_25_Fig7_HTML.jpg](https://i0.wp.com/basicmedicalkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/A272440_1_En_25_Fig7_HTML.jpg?w=960)
Fig. 25.7
Intraoperative figure showing extraction of the specimen in a robotic right LT adrenalectomy
Hybrid Versus Totally Robotic Approach
The laparoscopic portion of the case includes the hepatic/splenic mobilization and extraction of the specimen steps. The robot is used for the dissection of the mass. We believe that this approach saves time and also determines the exact angle of approach for robotic docking.
Robotic Posterior Retroperitoneal Adrenalectomy
Positioning
After the intubation and administration of anesthesia on a gurney, the patient is placed in prone jackknife position on a Wilson frame (Fig. 25.8).
![A272440_1_En_25_Fig8_HTML.jpg](https://i0.wp.com/basicmedicalkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/A272440_1_En_25_Fig8_HTML.jpg?w=960)
![A272440_1_En_25_Fig8_HTML.jpg](https://i0.wp.com/basicmedicalkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/A272440_1_En_25_Fig8_HTML.jpg?w=960)
Fig. 25.8
Intraoperative photo showing the patient position in a robotic right PR adrenalectomy
Trocar Placement
First, an optical trocar is inserted inferior to the 12th rib through a cm incision. Once in the Gerota’s space, this optical trocar is replaced by a balloon trocar and a potential space is created by inflating this trocar under direct vision (Fig. 25.9). The balloon dissector is then removed and this space is insufflated with CO2. Two 5 mm trocars are inserted medial and lateral to the initial trocar.
![A272440_1_En_25_Fig9_HTML.jpg](https://i0.wp.com/basicmedicalkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/A272440_1_En_25_Fig9_HTML.jpg?w=960)
![A272440_1_En_25_Fig9_HTML.jpg](https://i0.wp.com/basicmedicalkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/A272440_1_En_25_Fig9_HTML.jpg?w=960)
Fig. 25.9
Intraoperative image showing the retroperitoneal space dissected using a balloon trocar
Robot Positioning and Docking
The robot is brought in from the head of the table, between the shoulders, with the final alignment depending on the location of the adrenal gland (Fig. 25.10). The operating table might need to be rotated, depending on the patient’s anatomy.
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