section id=”IX1″> Note: Page numbers followed by f indicate figures, t indicate tables, and b indicate boxes. A B C
Index
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Index
ΔA450 determination (amniotic fluid bilirubin), 328–330
Aberration
Acceptable tolerances, 7
Acetic acid stain, 130
Acetoacetate, 108
Acetyl coenzyme, 107
Acholic stools, 339
Achromats, 374–375
Acid-base balance, and kidney, 89
Acid-fast stain, 279
Acidic urine, 165–169
amorphous urate crystals, 165
hippuric acid, 169
Acids
preservative, 24t
removal, tubular secretory function for, 65–66
safe handling of, 11
Active transport, in tubular function, 38
Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, 219–220
Acute renal failure, 227–228
Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) deficiency, 174
Adenocarcinoma
in peritoneal fluid, 277f
in pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal fluid, 277
ADH, See Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Adult-onset diabetes, 235
Afferent arteriole, in renal circulation, 31
AIN, See Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN)
Albumin, in cerebrospinal fluid, 260
Albuminuria, 94–96
screening for, 64
Alkaline tide, 89
ammonium biurate crystals, 171–172
amorphous phosphate crystals, 169–170
calcium carbonate crystals, 172
triple phosphate crystals, 170
Alkalis, safe handling of, 11
Alkaptonuria, 233–234
American Cancer Society, in colorectal cancer, 342
American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG), 326
Amino acid disorders, 230–235
alkaptonuria, 233–234
cystinosis, 232
cystinuria, 232
maple syrup urine disease, 232
melanuria, 235
Aminoaciduria, 230
Ammoniacal silver nitrite, 230t
Ammonia (NH3), in acid-base equilibrium, 41
Ammonium chloride test, oral, 65–66
Ammonium sulfate precipitation method, 98
chemical examination, 326–330
fetus in utero, 324f
Liley’s three-zone chart, 330f
physical examination, 325–326
color, 325
turbidity, 325–326
Queenan chart, 330f
specimen collection, 324–325
collection and specimen containers, 325
specimen transport, storage, and handling, 325
urine aspiration during, 25
urine, differentiation from, 325
Amniostat-FLM, 327–328
Amniotic fluid
differentiation from urine, 25
formation of, 324
physiology and composition, 323–324
volume of, 324
Amniotic fluid bilirubin (ΔA450) determination, 328–330
Amorphous urate crystals, 165
Amoxicillin crystals, 178
Amyloidosis, glomerular disease and, 222
Anaerobic microbes, avoidance of specimen contamination, 22
Analyte, stability of, 25
Annular diaphragm, 378f
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
mechanism controlling, 46f
in tubules, 37–38
in water reabsorption, 44–46
Anuria, 52
Apochromats, 374–375
Arachnoid granulations, 248
Arginine vasopressin, 37–38
Aromatic amine, 102
Arthritis, 284–285
Arthrocentesis, 285
Artifacts, in synovial fluid analysis, 291–292
Ascites, 269
Ascitic fluid (peritoneal fluid), 269
bilirubin and, 111
clinical significance of, 114–115
reagent strip
principles, 392t–393t
sensitivity and specificity, 393t–395t
false-negative nitrite results and, 102
reducing substances, 106b
Ascorbic acid interference
in blood reagent strips, 99–100
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), phenylketonuria and, 233
AUTION HYBRID flow cytometers, 354
Automated analysis
cell counts, 358–359
of urinalysis, 350–358
automated microscopy analyzers in, 352–356
Automated instruments, reagent strips read by, 88
Automated microscopy analyzers, 352–356
Azo dye, 102
Azurophilic granules, 100
Bacteria, 211f
particle detection categories of, 355t
in reproductive tract, 306
in urine, 131f
bacterial casts, 153
identification of, 157
in vaginal secretions, 311t
Bacterial casts, urinary, 153
Bacterial infection, kidneys/urinary tract, 100
Bacterial pericarditis, 278
Bacteriuria, 100
Barrier (emission) filter, 386
Barriers, standard use of, 8–9
Basement membrane, in glomerulus, 34–35
Basophils, 275–276
Bence Jones proteins, See Immunoglobulin light chains
Benedict’s test, 230t
Bilirubin, 109–114
in amniotic fluid, 328–330
clinical significance of, 110–111
diagnostic utility of, 111t
formation of, 109–110
methods for, 111–113
Diazo tablet test (Ictotest method), 111–113
physical examination as, 111
reagent strip
principles, 392t–393t
sensitivity and specificity, 393t–395t
in urine, 72
Bilirubin crystals, 203f
Bilirubin-stained renal tubular epithelial cells, 209f
Bilirubinuria, 110
Biliverdin, 325
Biohazard symbol, 10f
Biohazards
infectious waste, disposal of, 10
seminal fluid, 301
universal symbol, 10f
Biological hazards, 8–11
Birefringence intensity, 383t
Bladder diversion, 146–147
Bleb formation, 137f
Blood
method for, 98–100
reagent strip, 99t
principles, 393t–395t
Bloodborne pathogens, 8
Blood-brain barrier, 248–249
Blood-buffer system, in blood pH, 40
Blood cancers, 277
Blood casts, 152
Blood fluke (Schistosoma haematobium), 161
Blood reaction pad, 115
Bloodstream, bilirubin release into, 109
Body fluid analysis, 361
hemocytometer for, 361–366
Body fluids
under Standard Precautions, 8–9
use of barriers for handling, 8
Bowman’s capsule, 30
Bowman’s space, 30
BPS, See Bloodborne Pathogens Standard (BPS)
illumination system, 373
mechanical stage, 372
cholesterol and starch using, appearance of, 382t
conversions of
to darkfield microscopy, 385–386
to differential interference contrast microscopy, 384–385
to phase-contrast microscopy, 377–378
to polarizing microscopy, 378–382
synovial fluid analysis and, 290
Bromelain solution, 402b
BSI, See Body Substance Isolation (BSI)
Calculations, for hemocytometer, 363–364
approaches for, 365b
sperm count using diluted semen, 366
using diluted body fluid, 365–366
using undiluted body fluid, 364–365
Calculi, 228–230
formation of, factors influencing, 229
prevention of, 229–230
treatment of, 229–230
Calyx, 29
Cancer
adenocarcinoma cells
in peritoneal fluid, 277f
in pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal fluid, 277
American Cancer Society in, 342
blood cancers, 277
carcinoembryonic antigen, 279
tumor marker and, 279
colorectal, 342
drugs use for treatment of, 108
leukemias, 277
Candida species, C. albicans, 158–159
Carbohydrate disorders, 235–236
diabetes insipidus, 236
galactosemia, 235–236
glucose and diabetes mellitus, 235
porphyrias, 236–238
Carbohydrates, ketones and, 107
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), 279
tumor marker and, 279
CEA, See Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
Cell types, in pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal fluid, 273
Cellular inclusions, 149b
albumin and immunoglobulin G in, 260
chemical composition of, 259–262
myelin basic protein in, 261
total protein in, 259–260
chemical examination for, 259–262
glucose in, 261
lactate in, 261–262
protein in, 259–261
immunologic methods for, 263
microbiological examination for, 262–263
culture in, 262–263
microscopic examination for, 252–259
red blood cell (erythrocyte) count in, 252–253
total cell count in, 252
physical examination for, 251–252
Chemical examination
amniotic fluid analysis and, 326–330
fecal analysis and, 342–346
fecal carbohydrates in, 345–346
fetal hemoglobin in feces (Apt test) in, 344
immunochemical fecal occult blood test in, 344
porphyrin-based fecal occult blood test in, 344
quantitative fecal fat in, 345
of pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal fluid analysis, 278–279
amylase in, 278
carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in, 279
glucose in, 278
lipids (triglyceride and cholesterol) in, 278–279
pH of, 279
serous fluid specimen requirements in, 269t
total protein and lactate dehydrogenase ratios in, 278
synovial fluid analysis and, 292–293
lactate and, 293
total protein and, 293
uric acid and, 293
Chemical hazards, 11–13
Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP), 11
Chemical spills, 11–13
handling of, 11–13
Chemical testing technique, 88–116
with tablet and chemical tests, 88
Chemical tests, 88–116
Chemical waste, disposal of, 13
Chemstrip, 108–109
reagent strips, 85
for urobilinogen, 114
Cholesterol
appearance of, 382t
levels, of pleural fluids, 279
in pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal fluid, 279
Chondrocalcinosis, 289
