Chapter 26 Hypercalcemia in a 56-Year-Old Female (Case 15)
Endocrine Conditions | Malignancy | Exogenous Agents |
Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) | Humoral | Thiazide diuretics |
Bone metastases | Lithium | |
Vitamin A | ||
Vitamin D |
As a surgeon, when I am asked to see a patient with hypercalcemia, I try to determine the etiology, whether it relates to a potentially surgically correctable condition (primary hyperparathyroidism [PHPT]) and if parathyroidectomy is appropriate. PHPT and malignancy account for the vast majority of cases of hypercalcemia. Determining the etiology is usually fairly straightforward: in PHPT there is inappropriate elevation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) despite hypercalcemia; in hypercalcemia of malignancy (usually seen in advanced stage cancers), PTH is suppressed.
PATIENT CARE
Clinical Thinking
• Primary HPT is due to autonomous PTH secretion despite hypercalcemia. This is typically due to a benign parathyroid adenoma, but can also be caused by parathyroid gland hyperplasia.
• Secondary HPT is due to PTH hypersecretion in response to hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and/or vitamin D deficiency. The most common cause of secondary HPT is chronic renal insufficiency, and you will usually identify these patients easily as they are on hemodialysis. Secondary HPTH does not cause hypercalcemia. (Calcium is usually low or normal.)
History
• Hx is directed at determining etiology. Although most patients seen today with hypercalcemia are asymptomatic, it is still useful to document any of the classical symptoms (“moans, stones, and groans”) related to the common target organs (CNS, renal, and bone).
• Is there a hx of malignancy or family hx of inherited endocrine disorder? (think multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes)
Tests for Consideration
$12 | |
$5 | |
$60 | |
$165 | |
$75 | |
$25 | |
$45 |