file

Pretest self-assessment question (answer at the end of the case)




Clozapine (Clozaril)-induced sialorrhea (CIS), or excessive drooling, is caused by what theoretical pharmacologic mechanism?




A. Dopamine-2 receptor antagonism



B. Alpha-2 receptor antagonism



C. Serotonin-2A receptor antagonism



D. Muscarinic-3 receptor antagonism



E. B and D



F. A and C



G. All of the above




Patient evaluation on intake




  • 26-year-old man met initially on an inpatient unit while paranoid



Psychiatric history




  • This patient was admitted to a psychiatric inpatient unit in the middle of a second paranoid psychotic schizophrenia episode



  • Symptoms consisted mainly of paranoid- and guilt-based delusions, thought blocking, and mild negative symptoms



  • During his first psychotic break, he was released after successful inpatient treatment with haloperidol (Haldol) 10 mg/d



  • Despite this treatment, the symptoms increased to the point of requiring a second inpatient stay where an increase in haloperidol (20 mg/d) was ineffective



  • At this time, risperidone (Risperdal) was the only atypical antipsychotic available and he was switched and titrated to 6 mg/d with relief of psychosis, and discharged from the hospital



  • Over the next year while followed in an outpatient setting, he was noted to be very compliant with his medication and appointments



  • Family was supportive and involved in his care, and he wished to return to college to obtain an advanced degree



  • Things were going well clinically and psychosocially; discussions were begun about long-term treatment, the risk of TD, and what his wishes were if he began a third psychotic break



  • Unfortunately, the psychosis returned, and while an inpatient again




    • Risperidone (Risperdal) 10–12 mg/d was ineffective, and based upon previous discussions regarding the most effective and least TD-prone antipsychotic and with written advanced treatment, Psychiatric Advance Directives signed by the patient, he was started on clozapine (Clozaril), which was titrated to 400 mg/d



    • Psychosis resolved



    • Has been relatively symptom free for several years



    • Plasma levels are therapeutic at 500 ng/ml (levels >350 ng/ml have been shown to be clinically effective)



    • White blood cells have been stable (>3000/mL)



    • Mild sedation and moderate CIS are experienced



Question


Of the following choices, what would you do?




  • Lower the clozapine (Clozaril) to lower CIS while trying to maintain a reasonable blood level to avoid breakthrough psychosis



  • Lower the clozapine (Clozaril) to lower CIS while trying to maintain a reasonable blood level but combine with another atypical antipsychotic to maintain remission



  • Lower the clozapine (Clozaril) to lower CIS while trying to maintain a reasonable blood level but combine with a typical antipsychotic to maintain remission



  • Switch to oral, dissolving clozapine (FazaClo) tablets or liquid clozapine (Versacloz) to lower CIS



  • Switch to an atypical antipsychotic monotherapy now that more are available



  • Try to use an augmentation as an antidote to CIS while maintaining his effective current clozapine dose

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Feb 16, 2017 | Posted by in PHARMACY | Comments Off on file

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