Endocrine surgery

CHAPTER 11 Endocrine surgery




Thyroid



Congenital








Symptoms of thyroid disease














Goitre







Toxic goitre


This may be a diffuse goitre (Graves’ disease), toxic multinodular goitre or solitary toxic adenoma. In Graves’ disease, TSH receptor antibodies are present. In toxic multinodular goitre, several nodules in a non-toxic goitre begin to function independently of TSH. A solitary toxic nodule functions autonomously. Toxic goitre is six times more common in females.










Neoplastic goitre




Malignant


The large majority are primary tumours. Aetiological factors include exposure to ionizing radiation in childhood; endemic goitre (iodine deficiency) may be associated with follicular carcinoma but the risk is small. There is also a rare association with adenomatous colonic polyps. Papillary cancer may be associated with an autosomal dominant family history. Family history may be present in patients with medullary carcinoma associated with MEN Type II. Metastatic carcinoma to the thyroid is rare but may spread via the bloodstream from breast, lung, kidney and prostate. The main types of thyroid cancer are as follows.


Jun 14, 2017 | Posted by in GENERAL SURGERY | Comments Off on Endocrine surgery

Full access? Get Clinical Tree

Get Clinical Tree app for offline access