C. oxyacantha L. (= C. rhipidophylla Gand.) Rosaceae Bread-and-cheese Crataegi folium cum flore; Crataegi fructus Note: C. pinnatifida Bunge is used in Chinese medicine. Flowering branch; fruit (berries) The major constituents of the leaf and flower are flavonoid glycosides, and include kaempferol, quercetin, apigenin, luteolin, vitexin and orientin glycosides, schaftoside, isoschaftoside, vivenins and many others, with some procyanidins. Other compounds include triterpenes (ursolic acid, oleanolic acid and crataegolic acid), phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid), amines (choline), xanthines and minerals. The fruits (berries) contain lower levels of flavonoids and higher concentrations of procyanidins, incuding oligomeric compounds mainly composed of epicatechin units, and triterpene acids (ursolic, crataegolic and others) (Edwards et al. 2012; ESCOP 2003; Upton 1999a,b).
Hawthorn
Crataegus spp. (mainly C. laevigata (Poir.) DC., C. monogyna Jacq., C. rhipidophylla Gand., and their hybrids)
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