Cardiovascular Epidemiology

Chapter 11 Cardiovascular Epidemiology




Clinical Case Problem 1 A 52-Year-Old Man with Coronary Heart Disease Who Has Had Both a Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Procedure and Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty Procedures Done


A 52-year-old man with a history of coronary artery disease treated by a coronary artery bypass grafting procedure after three percutaneous transluminal angioplasty procedures and who currently is undergoing “triple angina therapy” comes to your office for a discussion of his condition and of the implications of his condition for his children. He recently has read that family history is a strong risk factor for heart disease.



Select the best answer to the following questions




1. Since 1984, cardiovascular disease mortality in women in the United States has


a. exceeded that of men

b. decreased by 30%

c. stayed the same

d. been exceeded by men

e. decreased by more than 50%

2. Since 1979, cardiovascular disease mortality for men in the United States has


a. increased by 50%

b. decreased

c. attained parity with women

d. increased by 20%

e. remained unchanged

3. Which of the following regarding stroke epidemiology is correct?


a. 50% of stroke deaths occur outside of hospitals

b. stroke is the second leading cause of death in the United States

c. thrombotic strokes are more deadly than hemorrhagic or thromboembolic strokes

d. age-adjusted death rates are lower in African Americans than in other groups

e. Latinos have a higher age-adjusted death rate than other populations

4. What has been the major reason for the decline in the death rate from cardiovascular disease in the United States?


a. new technology

b. improved pharmacology

c. better surgical techniques

d. risk factor reduction

e. nobody really knows for sure

5. The risk for development of cardiovascular disease in patients with hypertension compared with patients who do not have hypertension is


a. three or four times as high for heart disease and seven times as high for stroke

b. twice as high for heart disease and five times as high for stroke

c. six times as high for heart disease and eight times as high for stroke

d. the same for heart disease and twice as high for stroke

e. the same for heart disease and the same for stroke

6. Regarding cigarette smoking and the risk for development of heart disease, which of the following statements is true?


a. cigarette smokers have a 70% greater risk for development of heart disease than that of nonsmokers

b. cigarette smokers have a 50% greater risk for development of heart disease than that of nonsmokers

c. cigarette smokers have a 25% greater risk for development of heart disease than that of nonsmokers

d. cigarette smokers have a 10% greater risk for development of heart disease than that of nonsmokers

e. there is no difference in the risk for development of heart disease between smokers and nonsmokers

7. Regarding cigarette smoking, which of the following statements is true?


a. the risk of heart disease is increased by up to 30% for those nonsmokers exposed to workplace or at-home environmental tobacco smoke

b. smoking costs Americans approximately $20 billion in medical care per year

c. after quitting, smokers’ risk of heart disease decreases by 50% after 10 years

d. there is a direct correlation between smoking and education levels

e. since 1969, the prevalence of smoking has increased by 20%

8. Regarding serum cholesterol concentration and the incidence of heart disease, which of the following statements is true?


a. for each 1% reduction in serum cholesterol concentration, there is a 6% reduction in the risk of heart disease death

b. for each 1% reduction in serum cholesterol concentration, there is a 4% reduction in the risk of heart disease death

c. for each 1% reduction in serum cholesterol concentration, there is a 2% reduction in the risk of heart disease death

d. for each 1% reduction in serum cholesterol concentration, there is a 1% reduction in the risk of heart disease death

e. there is no established relationship between serum cholesterol concentration and the risk of heart disease death

9. Regarding the risk of obesity in relation to cardiovascular disease, which of the following statements is (are) true?


a. obesity is a risk factor for hypertension

b. obesity is a risk factor for hypercholesterolemia

c. obesity is a risk factor for diabetes

d. obesity is an independent risk factor for heart disease

e. all of the above

10. Body mass index (BMI) is defined as which of the following?


a. the weight in pounds divided by the square of the height in meters

b. the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters

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Oct 1, 2016 | Posted by in GENERAL SURGERY | Comments Off on Cardiovascular Epidemiology

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