Fig. 1
Fates of cycling cardiomyocytes. Cardiomyocytes that enter the cell cycle have different fates depending on developmental stages per se and environmental cues (e.g. aging, injury, experimental regeneration). This scheme summarizes the key points of our current knowledge and identifies open questions
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (Sofja Kovalevskaja Award to F.B.E.) and the DFG (EN 453/9-1).
References
Abel ED, Doenst T (2011) Mitochondrial adaptations to physiological vs. pathological cardiac hypertrophy. Cardiovasc Res 90:234–242PubMed
Ahuja P, Perriard E, Perriard JC, Ehler E (2004) Sequential myofibrillar breakdown accompanies mitotic division of mammalian cardiomyocytes. J Cell Sci 117:3295–3306PubMed
Ahuja P, Sdek P, MacLellan WR (2007) Cardiac myocyte cell cycle control in development, disease, and regeneration. Physiol Rev 87:521–544PubMed
Alcorta DA, Xiong Y, Phelps D, Hannon G, Beach D, Barrett JC (1996) Involvement of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16 (INK4a) in replicative senescence of normal human fibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:13742–13747PubMed
Andres V, Walsh K (1996) Myogenin expression, cell cycle withdrawal, and phenotypic differentiation are temporally separable events that precede cell fusion upon myogenesis. J Cell Biol 132:657–666PubMed
Angelis E, Garcia A, Chan SS, Schenke-Layland K, Ren S, Goodfellow SJ, Jordan MC, Roos KP, White RJ, MacLellan WR (2008) A cyclin D2-Rb pathway regulates cardiac myocyte size and RNA polymerase III after biomechanical stress in adult myocardium. Circ Res 102:1222–1229PubMed
Barry SP, Davidson SM, Townsend PA (2008) Molecular regulation of cardiac hypertrophy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 40:2023–2039PubMed
Beltrami AP, Urbanek K, Kajstura J, Yan SM, Finato N, Bussani R, Nadal-Ginard B, Silvestri F, Leri A, Beltrami CA, Anversa P (2001) Evidence that human cardiac myocytes divide after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 344:1750–1757PubMed
Bergmann O, Bhardwaj RD, Bernard S, Zdunek S, Barnabe-Heider F, Walsh S, Zupicich J, Alkass K, Buchholz BA, Druid H, Jovinge S, Frisen J (2009) Evidence for cardiomyocyte renewal in humans. Science 324:98–102PubMed
Bernardo BC, Weeks KL, Pretorius L, McMullen JR (2010) Molecular distinction between physiological and pathological cardiac hypertrophy: experimental findings and therapeutic strategies. Pharmacol Ther 128:191–227PubMed
Bersell K, Arab S, Haring B, Kuhn B (2009) Neuregulin1/ErbB4 signaling induces cardiomyocyte proliferation and repair of heart injury. Cell 138:257–270PubMed
Bishop SP, Hine P (1975) Cardiac muscle cytoplasmic and nuclear development during canine neonatal growth. Recent Adv Stud Cardiac Struct Metab 8:77–98PubMed
Blewett CJ, Cilley RE, Ehrlich HP, Blackburn JH 2nd, Dillon PW, Krummel TM (1997) Regenerative healing of incisional wounds in midgestational murine hearts in organ culture. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 113:880–885PubMed
Braun-Dullaeus RC, Mann MJ, Ziegler A, von der Leyen HE, Dzau VJ (1999) A novel role for the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(Kip1) in angiotensin II-stimulated vascular smooth muscle cell hypertrophy. J Clin Invest 104:815–823PubMed
Brodsky WY, Uryvaeva IV (1977) Cell polyploidy: its relation to tissue growth and function. Int Rev Cytol 50:275–332PubMed
Brooks G, Poolman RA, McGill CJ, Li JM (1997) Expression and activities of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases in developing rat ventricular myocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 29:2261–2271PubMed
Budirahardja Y, Gonczy P (2009) Coupling the cell cycle to development. Development 136: 2861–2872PubMed
Burrell JH, Boyn AM, Kumarasamy V, Hsieh A, Head SI, Lumbers ER (2003) Growth and maturation of cardiac myocytes in fetal sheep in the second half of gestation. Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 274:952–961PubMed
Burton PB, Raff MC, Kerr P, Yacoub MH, Barton PJ (1999a) An intrinsic timer that controls cell-cycle withdrawal in cultured cardiac myocytes. Dev Biol 216:659–670PubMed
Burton PB, Yacoub MH, Barton PJ (1999b) Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor expression in human heart failure. A comparison with fetal development. Eur Heart J 20:604–611PubMed
Busk PK, Hinrichsen R (2003) Cyclin D in left ventricle hypertrophy. Cell Cycle 2:91–95PubMed
Carlton JG, Caballe A, Agromayor M, Kloc M, Martin-Serrano J (2012) ESCRT-III governs the Aurora B-mediated abscission checkpoint through CHMP4C. Science 336:220–225PubMed
Choi WY, Poss KD (2012) Cardiac regeneration. Curr Top Dev Biol 100:319–344PubMed
Claycomb WC (1988) Atrial-natriuretic-factor mRNA is developmentally regulated in heart ventricles and actively expressed in cultured ventricular cardiac muscle cells of rat and human. Biochem J 255:617–620PubMed
Conway SJ, Henderson DJ, Kirby ML, Anderson RH, Copp AJ (1997) Development of a lethal congenital heart defect in the splotch (Pax3) mutant mouse. Cardiovasc Res 36:163–173PubMed
Cooke PS, Naaz A (2004) Role of estrogens in adipocyte development and function. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 229:1127–1135
D’Avino PP (2009) How to scaffold the contractile ring for a safe cytokinesis – lessons from Anillin-related proteins. J Cell Sci 122:1071–1079PubMed
D’Avino PP, Savoian MS, Glover DM (2005) Cleavage furrow formation and ingression during animal cytokinesis: a microtubule legacy. J Cell Sci 118:1549–1558PubMed
de Boer BA, van den Berg G, de Boer PA, Moorman AF, Ruijter JM (2012) Growth of the developing mouse heart: an interactive qualitative and quantitative 3D atlas. Dev Biol 368: 203–213PubMed
Dell’Amore A, Lanzanova G, Silenzi A, Lamarra M (2011) Hamartoma of mature cardiac myocytes: case report and review of the literature. Heart Lung Circ 20:336–340PubMed
Depre C, Shipley GL, Chen W, Han Q, Doenst T, Moore ML, Stepkowski S, Davies PJ, Taegtmeyer H (1998) Unloaded heart in vivo replicates fetal gene expression of cardiac hypertrophy. Nat Med 4:1269–1275PubMed
Dorn GW 2nd, Robbins J, Sugden PH (2003) Phenotyping hypertrophy: eschew obfuscation. Circ Res 92:1171–1175PubMed
Drenckhahn JD, Schwarz QP, Gray S, Laskowski A, Kiriazis H, Ming Z, Harvey RP, Du XJ, Thorburn DR, Cox TC (2008) Compensatory growth of healthy cardiac cells in the presence of diseased cells restores tissue homeostasis during heart development. Dev Cell 15:521–533PubMed
Duensing S, Munger K (2002) Human papillomaviruses and centrosome duplication errors: modeling the origins of genomic instability. Oncogene 21:6241–6248PubMed
Duesberg P, Mandrioli D, McCormack A, Nicholson JM (2011) Is carcinogenesis a form of speciation? Cell Cycle 10:2100–2114PubMed
Engel FB (2005) Cardiomyocyte proliferation: a platform for mammalian cardiac repair. Cell Cycle 4:1360–1363PubMed
Engel FB, Schebesta M, Duong MT, Lu G, Ren S, Madwed JB, Jiang H, Wang Y, Keating MT (2005) p38 MAP kinase inhibition enables proliferation of adult mammalian cardiomyocytes. Genes Dev 19:1175–1187PubMed
Engel FB, Hsieh PC, Lee RT, Keating MT (2006a) FGF1/p38 MAP kinase inhibitor therapy induces cardiomyocyte mitosis, reduces scarring, and rescues function after myocardial infarction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:15546–15551PubMed
Engel FB, Schebesta M, Keating MT (2006b) Anillin localization defect in cardiomyocyte binucleation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 41:601–612PubMed
Eulalio A, Mano M, Dal Ferro M, Zentilin L, Sinagra G, Zacchigna S, Giacca M (2012) Functional screening identifies miRNAs inducing cardiac regeneration. Nature 492:376–381PubMed
Evans-Anderson HJ, Alfieri CM, Yutzey KE (2008) Regulation of cardiomyocyte proliferation and myocardial growth during development by FOXO transcription factors. Circ Res 102: 686–694PubMed
Fine LG, Norman JT (1992) Renal growth responses to acute and chronic injury: routes to therapeutic intervention. J Am Soc Nephrol 2:S206–S211PubMed
Fraticelli A, Josephson R, Danziger R, Lakatta E, Spurgeon H (1989) Morphological and contractile characteristics of rat cardiac myocytes from maturation to senescence. Am J Physiol 257:H259–H265PubMed
Frey N, Olson EN (2003) Cardiac hypertrophy: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Annu Rev Physiol 65:45–79PubMed
Fujiwara T, Bandi M, Nitta M, Ivanova EV, Bronson RT, Pellman D (2005) Cytokinesis failure generating tetraploids promotes tumorigenesis in p53-null cells. Nature 437:1043–1047PubMed
Ganem NJ, Storchova Z, Pellman D (2007) Tetraploidy, aneuploidy and cancer. Curr Opin Genet Dev 17:157–162PubMed
Ganem NJ, Godinho SA, Pellman D (2009) A mechanism linking extra centrosomes to chromosomal instability. Nature 460:278–282PubMed
Gentric G, Desdouets C, Celton-Morizur S (2012) Hepatocytes polyploidization and cell cycle control in liver physiopathology. Int J Hepatol 2012:282430PubMed
Goranov AI, Cook M, Ricicova M, Ben-Ari G, Gonzalez C, Hansen C, Tyers M, Amon A (2009) The rate of cell growth is governed by cell cycle stage. Genes Dev 23:1408–1422PubMed
Grabner W, Pfitzer P (1974) Number of nuclei in isolated myocardial cells of pigs. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol 15:279–294PubMed
Guidotti JE, Bregerie O, Robert A, Debey P, Brechot C, Desdouets C (2003) Liver cell polyploidization: a pivotal role for binuclear hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 278:19095–19101PubMed
Hassink RJ, Pasumarthi KB, Nakajima H, Rubart M, Soonpaa MH, de la Riviere AB, Doevendans PA, Field LJ (2008) Cardiomyocyte cell cycle activation improves cardiac function after myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Res 78:18–25PubMed
Hattori N, Davies TC, Anson-Cartwright L, Cross JC (2000) Periodic expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p57(Kip2) in trophoblast giant cells defines a G2-like gap phase of the endocycle. Mol Biol Cell 11:1037–1045PubMed
Stay updated, free articles. Join our Telegram channel
Full access? Get Clinical Tree
