Introduction The sedative-hypnotics and anxiolytics are central nervous system depressants that also have muscle relaxant and anticonvulsant effects and are widely used in psychiatry, neurology, anesthesiology, and general medicine. The…
Introduction Methamphetamine, developed in 1893, is a synthetic stimulant that affects the central nervous system and other major organ systems. Until the 1950s, no prescription was necessary to obtain methamphetamine…
Introduction Marijuana (also referred to as cannabis) is a drug that is derived from the flowers, stems, leaves, and seeds of the hemp plant ( Cannabis sativa ). Cannabis is…
Acknowledgments The author would like to thank Michael Arends for his assistance with manuscript preparation. Definitions Relevant to Animal Models Drug addiction, also known as substance use disorder, is a…
Key wordsCocaine use disorder, cocaine-induced anxiety disorder, cocaine-induced mood disorder, cocaine-induced psychotic disorder, cocaine-induced sexual dysfunction, cocaine-induced sleep disorder, craving and relapse, intoxication, intoxication delirium, withdrawal Introduction The effects…
Acknowledgments We thank the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism for its support through the Neurobiology of Adolescent Drinking in Adulthood (NADIA) consortium (AA020024, AA020023), the Bowles Center for…
Acknowledgments We thank Catharine Helms and Robert H. Cormier, Jr., for their assistance with manuscript preparation. Introduction Alcohol is one of the oldest and the most widely used psychoactive substances…
Acknowledgment The writing of this chapter was supported in part by funding of the following NIH grants: DA012498, DA003628, and DA06634 (SEH). Introduction The comprehensive sequencing of human and other…
Ethanol (Alcohol) History Ethanol is surely the oldest known substance of abuse. The details of the original discovery of fermented beverages have been lost to time because of the unavailability…
Introduction Drug use disorders involve a number of factors including genetic and environmentally influenced predispositions, the actions of the drugs themselves, the immediate environment, and the neurobiological mechanisms that promote…
