Epigenetics
Key points • There are three major types of epigenetic modifications: DNA methylation, microRNAs, and posttranslational histone modifications. • DNA methylation and microRNAs alter the expression of atopic dermatitis-associated genes…
Humoral Factors
Key points • Allergen-specific B cells are differentiated into plasma cells producing immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. Through binding to the receptors (FcεRI and FcεRII), IgE induces cytokine and chemokine production…
Clinical Evidence: External Factors
Key points • The fact that up to 50% of atopic dermatitis (AD) patients have loss-of-function genetic mutations of skin barrier protein filaggrin points to a cutaneous weakness that allows…
Oxidative Stress, Environmental Factors, and Pollutants
Key points • The worldwide prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD) has risen over recent decades, paralleling industrial and urban growth. • Airborne pollutants induce oxidative damage at the skin interface…
Immunogens
Key points • Patients with atopic dermatitis are more susceptible to developing irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) and allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). • ICD can present with phenotypic subtypes such as…
Skin Barrier
Key points • The four layers of the epidermis—stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale—are composed of keratinocytes, which undergo differentiation and mature as they become more superficial…
Skin and Gut Microbiome
Key points • The human microbiome consists of a wide variety of microorganisms that assist in key physiologic processes. • The majority of microbial diversity is found on the skin…
Epidemiology
Key points • Atopic dermatitis is one of the most common inflammatory diseases of the skin, with both genetic and environmental etiologies. • The prevalence of atopic dermatitis is increasing…
Atopy of the Skin
Key points • Atopy of the skin is manifested as atopic dermatitis (atopic eczema). • Histologically, the atopy of the skin is characterized by epidermal and dermal infiltration predominantly by…
