Mesaconitine
Rat aorta
NO
Mitamura et al., 2002
Anacardium occidentale
Leaf
Methanol
Rat aorta
NO
Runnie et al., 2004
Angelica keiskei
Root
Ethyl alcohol;
Xanthoangelol;
Rat aorta
NO; EDHF
Matsuura et al., 2001
ethylacetate
4-hydroxyderricin;
fraction
xanthoangelols
E and F
Apocynum venetum
Leaf
Aqueous;
Rat aorta; rat
NO, K+ channel
Kwan et al.,
ethanol fraction
mesenteric artery
activation
2005
Arbutus unedo L.
Root
Aqueous
Rat aorta
NO
Ziyyat et al., 2002
Leaf
Aqueous
Tannins; catechin
Rat aorta
NO
Legssyer et al., 2004
gallate
Caesalpinia sappan L.
Heartwood
Methanol
Brazilin; hematoxylin
Rat aorta
NO/cGMP
Xie et al., 2000
Brazilin
Rat aorta
NO/cGMP
Hu et al., 2003
Carica papaya
Leaf
Methanol
Rat aorta
NO
Runnie et al., 2004
Cecropia lyratiloba Miquel.
Leaf
Methanol,
Rat aorta
NO
Almeida et al., 2006
flavonoid fraction
Crataegus
Procyanidins
NO/cGMP; K+
Kim et al., 2000
channel activation
Crotalaria sessiliflora L.
Aerial parts
Aqueous
Rat aorta
NO/cGMP;
Hoh et al., 2007
muscarinic receptor
activation
Cymbopogon citratus
Stalk
Methanol
Rat aorta; rat
NO; EDHF;
Runnie et al.,
perfused mesen-
prostanoids
2004
teric artery
Diospyros kaki Thumb.
Leaf
Hexane; n-butanol
Rat aorta
NO
Yin et al., 2005
Echinodorus grandiflorus
Leaf
Aqueous
Rabbit aorta
NO/cGMP;
Tibiricá et al.,
PAF receptor
2007
activation
Elaeis guineensis
Oil
Methanol
Rat aorta; rat
NO
Abeywardena
mesenteric
et al., 2002
vascular bed
Table 5.2:Plant Extracts and Isolated Compounds which Show Vasodilatory Activity that in Animal Models throughEndothelium-Dependent and Independent Mechanisms
Scientific Name | Part Used | Extract | Possible Active Components | Animal and Model | Mechanism of Action | Reference |
Albizia inopinata G. P. | Leaf | Ethanolic; aqueous | Rat aorta | NO | Pires et al., 2000 | |
Lewis | fraction | |||||
Leaf | Ethanolic; aqueous | Rat aorta | Ca2+ channe | Maciel et al., 2004l | ||
fraction | blocking; inhibition of | |||||
intracellular Ca2+ | ||||||
mobilization | ||||||
Alpinia henryi | Cardamonin; | Rat mesenteric | NO; Ca2+ channel | Wang et al., 2001 | ||
K. Schum. | alpinetin | artery | blocking; inhibition of | |||
intracellular Ca2+ | ||||||
release | ||||||
Alpinia officinarum | Galangin | Rat aorta | NO; Ca2+ channel | Morello et al., | ||
blocking | 2006 | |||||
Coscinium fenestratum | Stem | Aqueous | Rat aorta | NO | Wongcome et al., | |
(Gaertn.) Colebr. | 2007 | |||||
Cuphea carthagenesis | Aerial | Hydroalcoholic; | Rat aorta | NO/cGMP | Schuldt et al., | |
parts | butanolic fraction | 2000 | ||||
Glycine max | Genistein; | Rat aorta; rat | NO | Mishra et al., 2000 | ||
daidzein | pulmonary artery | |||||
Leaf | Butanol | Rat carotid | Prostaglandin | Ho et al., 2002 | ||
artery | antagonism | |||||
Hibiscus sabdariffa | Calyce | Methanolic | SHR aorta | NO/cGMP; Ca2+ | Ajay et al., 2007 | |
Linn. | channel blocking | |||||
Melaleuca quinquenervia | Leaf | Methanolic | Glycosides | Rat aorta | NO | Lee et al., 2002 |
Mentha x villosa | Aerial parts | Essential oil | Rat aorta | NO, PGI2, Ca2+ | Guedes et al., | |
channel blocking | 2004 | |||||
Aerial parts | Essential oil | Rat aorta | NO | Lahlou et al., 2002a | ||
Aerial parts | Essential oil | Rotundifolone | Rat aorta | NO, PGI2, muscarinic | Guedes et al., | |
receptor activation | ||||||
Mitragyna ciliata | Stem bark | Methanol | Rat and guinea pig aorta | Ca2+ channel blocking | Dongmo et al., 2004 | |
Morinda lucida | Leaf | Aqueous | Rat aorta | NO/cGMP | Ettarh and Emeka, 2004 | |
Ocotea duckei | Stem | Reticuline | Rat aorta | NO; muscarinic | Dias et al., 2004 | |
Vattimo | receptor activation; Ca2+ channel blocking; inhibition of intracellular | |||||
Ca2+ release | ||||||
Panax ginseng | Ginsenosides | Rat aorta | NO/cGMP; Ca2+ activated K+ channel | Li et al., 2001b | ||
Peucedanum japonicum Thunb. | Root | Methanol; CHCl3 soluble fraction | Pyranocoumarin | Rat aorta | NO/cGMP; Ca2+ channel blocking | Lee et al., 2002 |
Uncarie ramulus | Hook | Methanolic | Geissoschizine | Rat aorta | NO; Ca2+ channel | Yuzurihara et al., |
et Uncus | methyl ether | blocking | 2002 | |||
Viguiera robusta | Root | Kaurenoic acid | Rat carotid artery | Tirapelli et al., 2002 | ||
Root | Kaurenoic acid | Rat aorta | NO/cGMP; K+ channel activation | Tirapelli et al., 2004 |
Table 5.3:Plant Extracts and Isolated Compounds that Show Vasodilatory Activity in Animal Models throughEndothelium-Independent Mechanisms
Scientific Name | Part Used | Extract | Possible Active Components | Animal and Model | Mechanism of Action | Reference |
Allium sativum | Raw and | Methanol | Rat aorta; rat | Ca2+ channel blocking; | Ganado et al., | |
frozen cloves | mesenteric | inhibition of intracellular | 2004 | |||
artery | Ca2+ mobilization | |||||
Alseis yucatanensis | Bark | Aqueous | Rat aorta | Ca2+ channel blocking; | Slish et al., 2004 | |
inhibition of intracellular | ||||||
Ca2+ mobilization; | ||||||
K+ channel activation | ||||||
Bidens pilosa | Leaf | Neutral | Rat aorta | Ca2+ channel blocking | Nguelefack | |
et al., 2005 | ||||||
Brillantasia nitens | Leaf | Aqueous; | Rat aorta | Ca2+ channel blocking; | Dimo et al., 2007 | |
Lindau | methylene chloride; | ATP-sensitive | ||||
methanol; | K+ channel activation | |||||
methylene choride/ | ||||||
methanol | ||||||
Bupleurum fruticosum L. | Root | chloroformic | Rat aorta | Ryanodine-sensitive | Testai et al., 2005 | |
Ca2+ channel blocking | ||||||
Chinese motherwort | Leonurine | Rat aorta | Ca2+ channel blocking; | Chen et al., 2001 | ||
inhibition of intracellular | ||||||
Ca2+ mobilization | ||||||
Chondrodendron | Curine | Rat mesenteric | Ca2+ channel blocking; | Dias et al., 2002 | ||
platyphyllum A.St. Hil | artery | inhibition of intracellular | ||||
Ca2+ mobilization | ||||||
12-O-methylcurine | Rat aorta | Ca2+ channel blocking | Guedes et al., | |||
2002b | ||||||
Dioclea grandiflora | Dioclein | Rat aorta | Ca2+ channel blocking; | Trigueiro et al., | ||
inhibition of intracellular | 2000 | |||||
Ca2+ mobilization | ||||||
Dioclein | Rat mesenteric | K+ channel activation | Côrtes et al., | |||
artery | 2001 | |||||
Floranol | Rat aorta | Lemos et al., 2006 | ||||
Gentiana kochiana | Root | Methanol | Rat aorta | Uncini Manganelli | ||
Perr. Et Song. | et al., 2000 | |||||
Root | Methanol | Rat aorta | Ryanodine-sensitive | Baragatti et al., | ||
Ca2+ channel blocking | 2002 | |||||
Genticaulein; | Rat aorta | Chericoni et al., | ||||
gentiakochianin | 2003 | |||||
Iostephane | Xanthorrhizol | Rat aorta | Ca2+ channel blocking | Campos et al., | ||
heterophylla | 2000 | |||||
Jacaranda mimosaefolia | Leaf | Methanol | Rat aorta | Adrenergic receptor | Nicasio et al., | |
D.Don | blocking | 2005 | ||||
Marrubium vulgare | Aerial parts | Aqueous | Rat aorta | El Bradai et al., | ||
2001 | ||||||
Marrubenol | Rat aorta | El Bradai et al., | ||||
2003a | ||||||
Marrubenol | Rat aorta | Ca2+ channel blocking | El Bradai et al., | |||
2003b | ||||||
Michelia figo Spreng. | Leaf | Methanol; | Rat aorta | Ryanodine-sensitive | Chericoni et al., | |
Fraction S4 | Ca2+ channel blocking | 2004 | ||||
Peganum harmala L. | Seed | Methanol | Rat aorta | cAMP phosphodiesterase | Berrougui et al., | |
inhibition | 2002 | |||||
Harmine | Rat aorta | Ca2+ channel blocking; | Berrougui et al., | |||
phosphodiesterase inhibition | 2006 | |||||
Harmaline | Rat aorta | Ca2+ channel blocking; | Berrougui | |||
phosphodiesterase | et al., 2006 | |||||
inhibition; NO; PGI2 | ||||||
Piper methysticum Forst. | Kavain | Rat aorta | Ca2+ channel blocking | Martin et al., 2002 | ||
Piper truncatum Vell. | Leaf; stem | Hexane | Rat aorta | Raimundo et al., | ||
2004 | ||||||
Platycapnos spicata Bernh. | (+)-natenine | Rat aorta | Ca2+ channel blocking | Orallo et al., 2001 | ||
Salvia miltiorrhiza | Whole plant | Aqueous | Salvianolic acid B | Rat coronay artery | Ca2+ channel blocking | Lam et al., 2006 |
Whole plant | Aqueous | danshensu | Rat coronay artery | Ca2+ channel blocking | Lam et al., 2007 | |
Whole plant | Ethanol | Cryptotanshinone | Rat coronay artery | Ca2+ channel blocking | Lam et al., 2008 | |
3-(3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxypropanoate | Rat mesenteric artery | Ca2+ channel blocking; inhibition of intracellular Ca2+ mobilization; K+ channel activation | Wang et al., 2008 | |||
Stevia reubadiana Bertoni | Stevioside | SHR aorta | Ca2+ channel blocking | Lee et al., 2001 | ||
Stevioside | Rat aorta | Ca2+ channel blocking; NO/cGMP | Bornia et al., 2008 | |||
Isosteviol | Rat aorta | K+ channel activation | Wong et al., 2004 |
There are several traditional medicinal herbs that are typically used to treat arterial hypertension or to remove blood clots and produce vascular relaxation (Kwan, 1995); many of these act via an endothelium-dependent mechanism mediated by NO (Achike and Kwan, 2003). The characteristics and application of predominant traditional herbs that have been so used are summarized below.
Leaves of Apocynum venetum
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