CASE 44
Within 48 hours of a college football game in Philadelphia, 158 students with symptoms of gastrointestinal disease visited the university health service. The predominant symptoms included nausea in 99%, vomiting in 75%, diarrhea in 48%, and headache, fever, and myalgias. Marching band members, football players, and faculty and staff from both universities had similar symptoms. A total of several hundred individuals were afflicted with similar symptoms.
LABORATORY STUDIES (PATIENT X)
Diagnostic Work-Up
Table 44-1 lists the likely causes of illness of Patient X and the outbreak (differential diagnosis). Outbreaks like this are consistent with acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis given the explosive nature of the cases and the high rates of nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea in conjunction with the low incidence of fever. An enteric virus is the prime suspect in adult outbreaks, but patients’ stools are still evaluated for bacterial and parasitic pathogens. Additional tests may include
Rationale: This is an explosive outbreak of gastroenteritis in adult individuals who were present at a football game. A common-source transmission of a highly communicable agent should be suspected. Viral etiologies are among the most common causes of these outbreaks. Unfortunately, these often cannot be differentiated from other pathogens based on clinical grounds alone, and even routine testing is inadequate. Although bacterial pathogens could be responsible, protozoal causes in this situation would be distinctly unusual.