UNIT XI
The nervous system: c. motor and integrative neurophysiology
1. The phylogenetically new cerebral cortex, the neocortex, is composed of six layers tangential to the pial surface of the hemisphere. Which of the following statements concerning the organization of these six layers is correct?
A) The neurons in layers I, I, and III perform most of the thalamocortical connections within the same hemisphere
D) The neurons in layer V have axons that extend beyond layer V to subcortical regions and the spinal cord
2. As they leave the spinal cord and course peripherally to skeletal muscle, the axons of motor neurons must pass through which of the following structures?
3. Which of the following items is the type of neuron whose axon forms synaptic junctions with the skeletal muscle cells (extrafusal fibers) that comprise the major part of a muscle?
4. Ascending fibers from the excitatory elements of the reticular activating system reach the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus and from there they are distributed to which of the following locations?
5. Which of the following statements concerning the general functional role of the cerebellum is correct?
6. Which of the following spinal cord levels contains the entire population of preganglionic sympathetic neurons?
7. Which of the following statements best describes a functional role for the lateral hemispheres of the cerebellum?
10. Which of the following body parts is represented most laterally and inferiorly within the primary motor cortex?
11. Which of the following items is the type of neuron whose axon forms synaptic junctions with skeletal muscle cells (intrafusal fibers) within the muscle spindles?
14. Which of the following statements about sleep is correct?
A) Although fast-wave sleep is frequently referred to as “dreamless sleep,” dreams and sometimes nightmares do occur at this time
16. Which of the following statements best describes a functional role for the intermediate zone of the cerebellum?
17. The gigantocellular neurons of the reticular formation release which of the following neurotransmitters?
18. A large portion of the cerebral cortex does not fit into the conventional definition of motor or sensory cortex. Which of the terms below is used to refer to the type of cortex that receives input primarily from several other regions of the cerebral cortex?
19. Which statement concerning the premotor cortex is correct?
B) The lateral to medial sequence in the somatotopic organization of the premotor cortex is just the reverse of that seen in the primary motor cortex
C) Stimulation of a small discrete group of neurons in premotor cortex will produce contraction of an individual muscle
20. Which of the following features is characteristic of the supplementary motor cortex?
B) Stimulation of the supplementary motor cortex leads to bilateral movements, typically involving both hands
D) Like the premotor cortex, stimulation in the supplementary motor cortex leads to discrete movement of individual muscles
21. Administration of a drug that blocks serotonin production will have which of the following effects on sleep?
24. Which of the following terms applies to the combination of a motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers contacted by that motor neuron?
26. The condition of prosopagnosia usually results from dysfunction or damage to which area of the cerebral cortex?
27. Lesions of which of the following areas of the brain would have the most devastating effect on verbal and symbolic intelligence?
29. Broca’s area is a specialized portion of motor cortex. Which of the following conditions best describes the deficit resulting from damage to Broca’s area?
30. A stroke involving the middle cerebral artery on the left side is likely to cause which of the following symptoms?
32. Which of the following structures serves to connect Wernicke’s area to Broca’s area in the cerebral cortex?
34. The peripheral sensory input that activates the ascending excitatory elements of the reticular formation comes mainly from which of the following?
35. Signals from motor areas of the cortex reach the contralateral cerebellum after first passing through which one of the following structures?
36. Cells of the adrenal medulla receive synaptic input from which of the following types of neurons?
38. Which of the following statements concerning electroencephalogram activity is correct?
B) Alpha waves occur at 14 to 80 cycles per second during periods of heightened excited activity or high tension
C) Theta waves are commonly seen in children but also occur in adults during emotional disappointment or in degenerative brain states
41. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) provides a cushioning effect both inside and outside the brain. Which of the following spaces lies outside the brain or spinal cord and contains CSF?
42. In a muscle spindle receptor, which type of muscle fiber is responsible for the dynamic response?
43. Neurological disease associated with the cerebellum produces which of the following types of symptoms?
44. Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons that contribute to the innervation of the descending colon and rectum are found in which of the following structures?
45. A complex spike pattern in the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum can be initiated by stimulation of which of the following brain areas?
46. Which of the following activities will increase the sensitivity of the stretch reflex?
A) Cutting the dorsal root fibers associated with the muscle in which the stretch reflex is being examined
47. Which of the following structures serves as an “alternative pathway” for signals from the motor cortex to the spinal cord?
48. The phenomenon of decerebrate rigidity can be explained, at least in part, by which of the following?
49. Like the primary visual cortex, the primary motor cortex is organized into vertical columns composed of cells linked together throughout the six layers of the cortex. The cells that contribute axons to the corticospinal tract are concentrated in which cortical layer?
50. When a muscle is suddenly stretched, a signal is transmitted over Ia sensory fibers from muscle spindles. Which of the following statements best describes the response elicited by these spindle afferent signals?
51. Which of the following foramina allows cerebrospinal fluid to pass directly from the ventricular system into the subarachnoid space?
52. There is an area in the dominant hemisphere, which when damaged, might leave the sense of hearing intact but not allow words to be arranged into a comprehensive thought. Which of the following terms is used to identify this portion of the cortex?
54. Afferent signals from the periphery of the body travel to the cerebellum in which of the following nerve tracts?
55. Motor cortex neurons receive feedback from muscles activated by the corticospinal system. This feedback arises from which of the following structures?
56. Which epileptic condition involves a postictal depression period lasting from several minutes to perhaps as long as several hours?
57. The sweat glands and piloerector muscles of hairy skin are innervated by which of the following fiber types?
58. In controlling the fine muscles of the hands and fingers, corticospinal axons can synapse primarily with which of the following?
59. Which of the following statements concerning spinal cord motor circuits is correct?
D) The contractile elements of intrafusal fibers are found at the central (nuclear) region of the fiber
60. Which of the following cells receives direct synaptic input from Golgi tendon organs?
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