Represents 0.5-1.4% of all tuberculosis cases even in endemic countries such as India, China, South Africa, Peru, and Bolivia

Patients are healthcare workers or children with no BCG immunization exposed to M. tuberculosis through household member with pulmonary TB

Lesions are usually located on face, hands, and feet

Lesion is a papule or nodule that becomes ulcerated after 2 or 3 weeks of exposure

Most common form of cutaneous TB in developing countries (patients have pulmonary or pleural TB)

Caused by contiguous propagation of bacteria from lymph node or bone

Most commonly affected areas are neck, axillae, thorax, and groin

Lesion is an abscess that becomes an ulcer surrounded by keloid tissue with underlying fistulae formation

Oral TB is secondary to active TB, which affects the upper airway or lungs, and perineal TB is secondary to intestinal or genitourinary disease

Involved areas are buccal mucosa, around anus, vulva, or penis

Lesion is painful ulcer with pseudomembranous fibrinous base or occasionally a plaque similar to those seen in lupus vulgaris or TB verrucosa cutis

Usually seen in patients with advanced pulmonary or disseminated TB

Trunk is most common location

Lesions are small macules or papules that become necrotic

Secondary to hematogenous spread of bacteria that remain latent

Lesions are cold abscesses in extremities or on trunk

Caused by reinoculation to M. tuberculosis in individual with previous exposure

Affects adults and children

Lesion is solitary, verrucose plaque on hands or feet

Most common form in India and Europe

Lesions due to hematogenous spread are found on face, and those located on extremities occur by reinoculation

Lesion is plaque with verrucous border and central atrophy; plaque is result of multiple coalescent papules and has classic apple-jelly appearance

Erythema induratum of Bazin: Most common form of tuberculid; ulcerated subcutaneous nodules on posterior aspect of legs are classic

Papulonecrotic tuberculid: Lesions are found on extensor areas of extremities but can occur on lower abdomen, trunk, or buttocks; multiple symmetric papules with umbilicated, necrotic center

Lichen scrofulosorum: Occurs mostly in children as multiple miniature follicular or parafollicular lichenoid papules; almost always affects trunk

Granulomatous mastitis: Unilateral, ulcerated plaques or nodules on breast of female with positive contact of TB; has chronic course

Lupus miliaris disseminatus faciei: Multiple necrotic lesions on face, usually around eyelids, that leave varioliform scar

2 months of quadruple therapy (isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol)

Followed by 4 months of isoniazid plus rifampicin

Pattern seen in verrucous TB and lupus vulgaris of extremities

Pattern seen in scrofuloderma

Pattern seen in gummas, tuberculous chancre, TB periorificialis, facial lupus vulgaris, and lupus miliaris disseminatus faciei

Sometimes epidermis is normal and base of dermis is ceiling of granulomatous reaction

Perifollicular granulomas as in rosacea can be seen

Lobular panniculitis, necrosis of fat tissue, vasculitis of small or large vessels, and granulomatous formation

Normal or ulcerated epidermis with superficial &/ or deep granulomas