Position the patient supine. Place a folded towel under the lower thoracic spine or elevate the kidney rest slightly. Make a right subcostal incision and carry it across the midline, sloping it downward to follow the left costal margin. Divide the ligamentum teres hepatis with suture ligatures to secure the umbilical vein. This is generally recanalized in patients with portal hypertension and may be quite large.

Measure portal pressure by cannulating an omental vein with a 20-gauge Angiocath and connecting this to a manometer calibrated for venous pressure measurements. Ligate the
omental vein after you withdraw the cannula. Perform a needle biopsy of the liver (if this was not done preoperatively) and explore the abdomen.

Next, perform a wide Kocher maneuver to expose the inferior vena cava fully. Do this with caution, because dilated venous collaterals may have formed in the retroduodenal area. If the retroperitoneum is thickened and the inferior vena cava is not visible, first orient yourself by palpating the abdominal aorta. The inferior vena cava will lie immediately to the right of the aorta. Generally, it will be directly deep to the hepatoduodenal ligament, another useful landmark. Often, the invisible inferior vena cava is palpable as a large ballottable structure after the proper location has been identified. Clean the anterior surface of the vena cava by sharp dissection in the anterior adventitial plane to the level of the liver superiorly. Select a large clamp for partial occlusion, such as a Satinsky clamp, and verify that sufficient vena cava has been prepared for it to lie comfortably. Although it is not necessary to mobilize the inferior vena cava fully and circumferentially, comfortable placement of the partial occlusion clamp is easier if an adequate segment of the vena cava has been cleared as far laterally as possible.

The ligamentum teres hepatis, located in the free edge of the falciform ligament, passes from the umbilicus to the umbilical portion of the left branch of the portal vein. This fibrotic remnant of the left umbilical vein retains a lumen that normally is completely occluded only close to the portal vein. In cases of portal hypertension, this occlusion can be opened, and the residual lumen can become greatly dilated. In addition to this, the ligamentum teres hepatis is accompanied by slender paraumbilical veins that provide a portacaval anastomosis; engorgement of these veins leads to the classic caput medusae. Thus control of all these veins must be achieved before division of the ligamentum teres hepatis.

Omental veins are tributaries of the right or left gastroepiploic veins. Because of the proximal and distal communications between the omental veins, as well as the fact that the portal system is typically valveless, ligation on both sides of the cannula site is necessary for adequate hemostasis.

Visualization of the inferior vena cava in the upper abdomen is possible only if the duodenum and head of the pancreas are kocherized. The portal venous tributaries that will be mobilized with these organs are the retroduodenal vein, pyloric (right gastric) vein, supraduodenal vein, the pancreaticoduodenal veins, and the superior mesenteric vein. These will be engorged and fragile. In addition, several direct communications, via the veins of Retzius, between the portal and caval systems will most likely be enlarged and must be divided. These should be divided with care to prevent their avulsion from the inferior vena cava or its major tributaries.

Rotate the duodenum medially to expose the posterior aspect of the hepatoduodenal ligament. Place a moist laparotomy sponge over the posterior duodenum and head of the pancreas and place a retractor there. Have your assistant apply gentle traction to maintain these structures up, in a fully kocherized position. Palpate the posterior surface of the hepatoduodenal ligament, which has been rotated upward toward you by retraction, and identify the portal vein. It is a large, soft, ballottable structure posterior to the bile duct and hepatic artery. Incise the
peritoneum overlying the posterolateral surface of the portal vein and enter the anterior adventitial plane of the vein.

All of the tributaries of the portal vein in this vicinity pass to the left (anteromedial). The right or “free” edge (i.e., the edge of the vein corresponding to the free edge of the hepatoduodenal ligament) is without tributaries. Therefore, dissect proximally and distally along the vein in this region first. Use a peanut sponge to gently develop the plane partially around the portal vein. Use a vein retractor to elevate the bile duct, hepatic artery, and soft tissues from the anterior surface of the portal vein. Carefully dissect in the adventitial plane of the portal vein until it can be gently elevated and surrounded by a vessel loop. Mobilize the vein cephalad to the hilum of the liver and caudad to the vicinity of the splenic vein. Divide several small tributaries that pass to the left.

Visualize the path that the portal vein will need to take to anastomose with the inferior vena cava. Divide and excise any thickened soft tissue lateral and posterior to the portal vein, if necessary, to create a groove in which the vein can lie without kinking.

Divide the portal vein between the vascular clamps at the hilum of the liver, leaving sufficient length in the hilum to safely ligate or oversew the stump. A medium-sized, slightly angled vascular clamp provides good control over the portal vein and can be used by your assistant to hold the vein in the best possible position for anastomosis. Bulldog-type clamps are not useful in this situation because they allow too much mobility of the vein. Suture material will tend to catch in the spring of the clamp, as well.

Preoperative, venous phase angiographic studies will generally have demonstrated patency of the portal vein. Sometimes; however, an unexpected thrombus is encountered. In such cases, an attempt at gentle extraction of the thrombus from the vein using forceps is often successful. Ligate the vein and then place a second transfixion suture ligature below the initial site of ligation for security.

The portal vein is formed dorsal to the neck of the pancreas by the union of the superior mesenteric and splenic veins. It then passes posterior to the first part of the duodenum and runs in the right border of the hepatoduodenal ligament to the porta hepatis, where it divides into left and right branches. From its origin to its terminal branches, this vein is 8 to 10 cm long and 8 to 14 mm in diameter. Initially, it is somewhat to the right of the beginning of the superior mesenteric artery and anterior to the inferior vena cava. As it ascends in the hepatoduodenal ligament, it lies posterior to both the bile duct (closest to the free edge of the hepatoduodenal ligament) and the hepatic artery complex. The gastroduodenal artery usually arises from the common hepatic artery to the left of the portal vein, then crosses the anterior surface of the vein before it branches into the superior pancreaticoduodenal and right gastroepiploic arteries. Because of these relationships, the portal vein is most easily approached from its posterior surface. However, the surgeon should be aware that aberrant right hepatic arteries (e.g., those arising from the superior mesenteric artery or independently from the celiac artery) almost invariably lie posterior to the portal vein.

Tributaries of the portal vein vary considerably. In addition to the splenic and superior mesenteric veins, frequently, the left gastric (coronary), right gastric (pyloric), prepyloric, paraumbilical, accessory pancreatic, and cystic veins drain directly into the portal vein. Of these, the only one of significant size is the left
gastric vein, which enters from the left in approximately 25% of cases. In the remaining 75% of cases, it terminates in the splenic vein, usually very close to the confluence of the splenic and superior mesenteric veins. Other tributaries tend to enter the anterior surface of the vein. The right side, which is the side along the free edge of the hepatoduodenal ligament, usually has no tributaries.