Liver Biopsy—Open and Laparoscopic
Liver biopsy is generally performed as part of another procedure in order to document pathology. Common indications include nodules suggestive of metastatic disease or the unexpected finding of hepatic cirrhosis. Wedge resection, which is also included in this chapter, may be used to remove a small benign lesion from the edge of the liver.
SCORE™, the Surgical Council on Resident Education, classified open and laparoscopic liver biopsy as “ESSENTIAL COMMON” procedures.
STEPS IN PROCEDURE
Liver Biopsy (Open or Laparoscopic)
Wedge biopsy
Identify area on free edge of liver
Place two sutures of 2-0 Chromic in such a fashion as to outline a triangle
Excise the tissue between the sutures
Attain hemostasis with electrocautery
Place apex suture if necessary
Needle biopsy
Choose entry site (on free edge if possible)
Insert needle and fire it
Take several biopsies through same entry site, angling the needle in different directions
Attain hemostasis with electrocautery
Place figure-of-eight suture across entry site if necessary
Forceps biopsy
Press forceps, with jaws open, against the lesion
Close the jaws and remove the biopsy
Attain hemostasis with electrocautery
LIST OF STRUCTURES
Liver
Left lobe
Segments I, II, III, and IV
Right lobe
Segments V, VI, VII, and VIII
Falciform ligament
Ligamentum teres
HALLMARK ANATOMIC COMPLICATIONS
Bleeding
Open Wedge and Needle Biopsy of the Liver (Fig. 81.1)
Technical and Anatomic Points
Carefully note the site of the biopsy, using a standard nomenclature for liver segments (see Chapter 82 for a thorough discussion of liver segments). At a minimum, document which lobe (right or left) and whether the abnormality is isolated, one of many similar nodules, or generalized. Clearly, if there is a focal abnormality, the biopsy should include part or all of that abnormality. For a generalized process, such as hepatic cirrhosis, liver biopsy is most easily performed at the free edge of the left or right lobe. If any obvious abnormalities are present, however, obtain the biopsy specimen from the affected area. If there are no visible or palpable masses, the free edge of the right lobe, away from any areas that may have been damaged in the course of dissection or by placement of retractors, should be selected. This area is selected because it is generally representative and easy to approach. It is relatively to get hemostasis with sutures if persistent bleeding is encountered.
Wedge Biopsy
The wedge biopsy technique provides a generous amount of tissue, but is limited in depth. To perform this procedure, place two sutures of 2-0 chromic in such a way as to outline a triangle. The sutures should overlap at the apex of the triangle for complete hemostasis.