Laparoscopic Distal Pancreatectomy
Laparoscopic access to the lesser sac is gained by the same maneuver as that employed during open surgery. The gastrocolic omentum is opened wide and the stomach reflected cephalad, with the colon displaced caudad. Most laparoscopic pancreatic procedures are performed with the patient positioned with legs spread, as for Nissen fundoplication. This allows optimum alignment of the visual axis.
This chapter shows laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy with and without splenectomy. Hand-assisted techniques are referenced at the end of the chapter, as are less common pancreatic resections, such as enucleation of islet cell tumors and resection of head of pancreas.
Steps in Procedure
Obtain laparoscopic access and explore abdomen
Divide gastrocolic omentum to fully expose pancreas in lesser sac
Fully Expose Body and Tail of Pancreas
Use laparoscopic ultrasound to confirm location of tumor, if necessary
Incise retroperitoneum along superior and inferior border
Gently elevate inferior margin of spleen
If Splenectomy is Planned:
Identify splenic artery and divide it
Elevate splenic vein and tail of pancreas and divide both (together) with endoscopic linear stapler
Elevate distal pancreas and splenic vessels from retroperitoneum and divide residual attachments of spleen
If Splenic Preservation is Planned:
Develop plane between pancreas and splenic vessels
Divide pancreas with endoscopic cutting linear stapler
Carefully identify and divide small branching vessels, preserving main trunk of splenic artery and vein
Check hemostasis and place omentum over field
Consider closed suction drainage
Close any trocar sites larger than 5 mm
Hallmark Anatomic Complications
Injury to spleen or splenic vessels (if splenic preservation planned)
Leak from pancreatic stump
List of Structures
Pancreas
Head
Body
Tail
Pancreatic duct
Spleen
Splenic artery
Splenic vein
Splenic hilum
Transverse colon
Stomach
Portal vein
Superior mesenteric artery and vein
Left and right gastroepiploic artery and vein
Pancreaticoduodenal arteries
Inferior (transverse) pancreatic artery
Greater pancreatic artery
Gastrocolic omentum (ligament)
Gastropancreatic folds
Gastrosplenic ligament
Splenocolic ligament
Orientation and Exposure (Fig. 72.1)
Technical Points
Typically, five ports are used for this procedure, placed as indicated in Fig. 72.1A. Introduce the laparoscope through a slightly supraumbilical port to facilitate visualization of the left upper quadrant. After thoroughly exploring the abdomen, create an opening in the lesser sac by detaching the gastrocolic omentum from the greater curvature of the stomach using ultrasonic shears. Continue the division proximal and distal along the greater curvature until a sufficiently large window has been developed to allow the stomach to be reflected cephalad, exposing the pancreas and splenic artery (Fig. 72.1B). Divide any filmy adhesions between posterior gastric wall and retroperitoneum with the ultrasonic scalpel. Identify the region of interest. The splenic vein lies behind the pancreas and will not generally be seen (Fig. 72.1C). Laparoscopic ultrasound may assist in identifying abnormalities that are not visually evident. Determine the site of proposed transection of the pancreas.