Bronchoscopy (Chapter 25) continues the discussion of the anatomy of the tracheobronchial tree begun in Chapters 2 and 3 and introduces the segmental anatomy of the lungs. Following this, the lateral chest wall, associated muscles, and the anatomy of an intercostal space are described as the procedures of tube thoracostomy and thoracotomy (Chapter 26) are detailed. The anatomy of the lungs is discussed further in chapters that follow (available on the web), where pulmonary resections are illustrated. A discussion of one common operative approach to the thoracic outlet syndrome presents additional anatomy relevant to both the chest and the neck (Chapter 31e). Finally, the thoracic esophagus, a mediastinal structure approached from the side, is included in this section (Chapters 32e and 33e).