This section is organized into two parts: the extrahepatic biliary tract (and liver) and the pancreas. Within each part, simple procedures are described first, followed by a discussion of more complex procedures. The extrahepatic biliary tract is introduced in Chapters 63 and 64, which are devoted to cholecystectomy, bile duct exploration, and liver biopsy. Both open and laparoscopic cholecystectomies are described. Operations to bypass an obstructed bile duct by direct anastomosis to the gut, either by anastomosis to the duodenum (choledochoduodenostomy) or to a defunctionalized loop of jejunum (choledochojejunostomy) are then detailed (Chapters 65 and 66). A related procedure—transduodenal sphincteroplasty (Chapters 67 and 68)—illustrates the anatomy of the ampulla of Vater. More complex procedures that demonstrate the anatomy of the portal venous system (Chapter 69) and liver (Chapter 70) are then presented.