Bronchoscopy (Chapter 24) continues the discussion of the anatomy of the tracheobronchial tree begun in Chapters 2 and 3 and introduces the segmental anatomy of the lungs. Following this, the lateral chest wall, associated muscles, and the anatomy of an intercostal space are described as the procedures of tube thoracostomy and thoracotomy (Chapter 25) are detailed. The anatomy of the lungs is discussed further in chapters that follow, where pulmonary resections are illustrated. A discussion of one common operative approach to the thoracic outlet syndrome presents additional anatomy relevant to both the chest and neck (Chapter 30). Finally, the thoracic esophagus, a mediastinal structure approached from the side, is included in this section (Chapters 31 and 32).